Final answer:
Cancer-causing mutations can arise from errors during DNA replication or exposure to carcinogens, such as certain compounds in tobacco smoke, asbestos, and toxic metals. Ionizing radiation, including X-rays and UV radiation, can also lead to cancer-causing mutations. Inherited defects in genes can also play a role in the development of cancer. The answer is option d i.e all of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
The mutations causing cancers can result from errors during DNA replication or exposure to carcinogens, i.e., the substances or radiations that cause cancer. The carcinogenic substances include some compounds in tobacco smoke, automobile exhaust fumes, processed meat; asbestos; benzene; toxic metals like nickel, arsenic, beryllium, chromium, and cadmium and their compounds; nitrosamine; ethylene oxide, etc. Cancer-causing radiations include radioactivity resulting in ionizing radiations, X-rays, and UV-radiations. Sometimes inherited defects in genes are the cause of cancer. These factors cause or are at least partially involved in gene mutations that result in cancer.
Hence, The answer is option d i.e all of the above.