Final answer:
In early societies, rulers often emerged from those who could command resources and wield power, including religious leaders, military generals, or individuals with considerable wealth such as merchants or nobles. Specific examples include the transition from priestly to secular leadership in Mesopotamia, the power of wealthy monarchs in Europe, and the dual role of the pharaoh in Egypt.
Step-by-step explanation:
In early societies, rulers often emerged from among those who could command resources, wealth, and armies. This sometimes included religious leaders, who in places like Mesopotamia initially ruled as priests and later combined secular governance, as seen in the role of the legal. In other contexts, such as intense periods of warfare or after successful military campaigns, military generals could seize control and establish rule. Moreover, those with considerable wealth, such as wealthy merchants or nobles, could also become powerful leaders due to their ability to finance armies and exert influence.
For instance, in Mesopotamia, power transitioned from religious priests to secular rulers who could also lead military campaigns. Additionally, during times of conflict as seen in Europe in the 16th to 18th centuries, the wealth of monarchs allowed them to hire mercenaries to assert their power. Similarly, the pharaoh of Egypt was not only the political leader but also held religious authority as the high priest.