Final answer:
Pericles shifted Athens' foreign policy from being anti-Persian to focusing on conflict with Sparta, leading to the Peloponnesian War where Athens was ultimately defeated. Therefore, the correct option is A. from anti-Persian to anti-Spartan.
Step-by-step explanation:
Pericles redirected Athens' foreign policy from anti-Persian to anti-Spartan. During his leadership, after the earlier struggle against Persian control, he encouraged the Athenians to focus on rivalries closer to home, particularly with Sparta.
This shift was part of what escalated tensions leading to the Peloponnesian War, a protracted and costly conflict in which Athens ultimately saw its navy crucially defeated and its political power diminished. The alliance with Persia towards the end of the war marked a dramatic change from the previously dominant anti-Persian stance.