Final answer:
Prokaryotes acquire genetic diversity through bacterial conjugation, a process where DNA is transferred from one cell to another using structures like the F pilus. This often results in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria. The process is utilized in biotechnology for molecular cloning and gene function studies.
Step-by-step explanation:
Prokaryotes have picked up many genes by the process of genetic transfer, commonly known as bacterial conjugation. This mode of genetic exchange plays a vital role in increasing genetic variation among bacterial species. Conjugation involves the transfer of DNA, typically plasmids, from a donor cell to a recipient cell. One key structure involved in this process is the F pilus, or sex pilus, which allows for the attachment of one cell to another, facilitating the transfer of genetic material.
One significant outcome of bacterial conjugation is the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, which has become a major concern in the medical community. This process allows for the spread of resistance traits among bacteria, leading to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Another noteworthy aspect is the formation of Hfr cells when the F plasmid integrates into the bacterial chromosome, which can lead to the high-frequency recombination of chromosomal DNA during conjugation events.
Bacterial conjugation is not only a natural phenomenon but is also a powerful tool in biotechnology and molecular cloning. Scientists exploit this mechanism to manipulate bacterial cells for various applications, such as the production of recombinant DNA and the study of gene function and gene mapping on the bacterial chromosome.