Final answer:
Ethan, who is studying for exams, is the individual not experiencing an altered state of consciousness. Other options like hypnosis, running a marathon ('runner's high'), and substance use are associated with altered states.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student's question deals with identifying which individual is not predicted to be experiencing an altered state of consciousness. Altered states of consciousness can occur during various activities or as a result of certain behaviors, such as sleep, hypnosis, meditation, and substance use. In the options given:
- Adrienne, who is under hypnosis, would be experiencing an altered state of consciousness.
- Lacey, who is in a long-distance marathon, might reach a state often referred to as 'runner's high' which is an altered state of consciousness.
- Will, who is drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana, is definitely in an altered state due to the influence of psychoactive substances.
Ethan, who is studying for exams, is likely in a heightened state of awareness and concentration, which is not an altered state of consciousness.
Therefore, Ethan, who is studying for exams, would be the one not experiencing an altered state of consciousness according to the question's options.