Final answer:
Self-esteem during adolescence can vary depending on factors such as peer acceptance, physical development, and identity formation. It does not necessarily improve gradually after the age of 12-13. Early maturing boys and girls may experience different challenges.
Step-by-step explanation:
Self-esteem during adolescence can vary depending on various factors such as peer acceptance, physical development, and identity formation. It is important to note that self-esteem does not necessarily improve gradually after the age of 12-13. Some adolescents may experience a boost in self-esteem during this time, while others may struggle with feelings of inferiority or confusion.
A study by Maccoby (1980) and Ferrer & Fugate (2003) found that children with a positive self-concept tend to be more confident, perform better in school, and have a willingness to try new activities. Additionally, Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that adolescents go through the task of identity versus role confusion, where they develop a sense of self and may try on different identities.
However, it is important to consider that early maturing boys and girls may experience different challenges. Early maturing boys may have higher self-esteem and popularity but are at a greater risk for substance abuse and early sexual activity. On the other hand, early maturing girls may feel self-conscious and are at a higher risk for depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders.