Final answer:
The theory of punctuated equilibrium applies to rapid, significant changes rather than gradual ones, exemplifying how evolution or innovation can undergo quick transitions after periods of stability.
Step-by-step explanation:
The theory that applies to the initiation of a new program or change, but not to gradual change, is the theory of punctuated equilibrium. This theory, contrasting with gradualism, suggests that evolutionary change occurs through long periods of stability interrupted by short bursts of rapid change. The concept applies across various disciplines, illustrating how systems often undergo significant shifts after long periods of little to no change. An example of this can be seen in technology evolution, such as the shift from floppy disks to flash drives, highlighting a pattern of rapid innovation followed by stability.