Final answer:
The claim that Goleman identifies leadership styles based on four emotional intelligence competencies is false; he actually describes six styles stemming from a broader range of emotional intelligence aspects. Leaders may prefer different styles in various life situations, and follower characteristics like extroversion can influence the effectiveness of a style. Gender also plays a role, with some evidence of women showing a predisposition towards transformational leadership.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that Daniel Goleman's leadership styles are based on four fundamental emotional intelligence competencies is false. Goleman actually proposes six leadership styles — visionary, coaching, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting, and commanding — which are derived from different components of emotional intelligence, such as self-awareness, self-regulation, social skill, and empathy. In Goleman's view, no single leadership style is the best for all situations; instead, effective leaders are those who can adapt their style to the demands of different situations.
Each leadership style may be preferred in different aspects of life, from the classroom to the workplace to sports teams. For example, a coaching style may be beneficial on a sports team where personal improvement is paramount, while a pacesetting style might be employed in a high-stakes workplace project requiring quick results. It is also noted that the effectiveness of a leadership style can depend on the characteristics of the followers, such as their degree of extroversion.
Research on gender differences in leadership also suggests that leadership styles can be influenced by the leader's gender, with studies like those conducted by Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt, & van Engen (2003) finding that women tend to exhibit more transformational leadership qualities, while men may lean towards transactional ones.