Final answer:
Ethics are the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual's decision-making and moral judgment, distinguishing between different moral theories and encompassing deliberative moral reasoning beyond mere emotion.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concept that identifies personal standards and moral judgment is B. Ethics. Ethics relate to the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions, which expand beyond mere emotional reactions to include deliberate and reasoned moral thinking. The study of ethics includes various branches such as metaethics, which deals with the nature of moral thought and language, normative ethics which covers the means of determining a moral course of action, and applied ethics which focuses on specific controversial issues. Values are core beliefs and evaluations that guide actions and judgments across different situations and topics. They often signify a judgment about what is deemed preferable or desirable. These values may be influenced by the standards a society aspires to uphold. When it comes to morality, this is mainly a social concept that depends on the collective behavior towards one another, especially between individuals within a society. It is important to note that emotional responses such as compassion and empathy do play a role in ethical decision-making and are often considered crucial components of virtue ethics, which focuses on the personal characteristics and virtues that an individual can develop towards a flourishing or eudaimonic life.