Final answer:
The correct answer to the question about the formal steps in a performance appraisal system is 'd. all of the above,' which includes performance planning, intermittent review, and assessment.
Step-by-step explanation:
The commonly recognized formal steps in a performance appraisal system include several key components. Performance planning is the first stage, where goals and objectives are set for the evaluation period. Following this, there is an ongoing assessment of the employee's performance relative to these goals, often with a mid-point review or intermittent review. Finally, a formal evaluation occurs, typically involving a face-to-face meeting where performance is discussed, feedback is given, and development plans may be made. Therefore, the correct answer to the student's question is d. all of the above.