The question pertains to different international business strategies that allow companies to operate in foreign markets. These include export-import trade, joint ventures, and management contracts, all influenced by trade agreements and the WTO. Regional and bilateral trade agreements such as USCMA/NAFTA and the EU shape these business entry strategies.
The examples provided in the question such as export-import trade, licensing, joint ventures, wholly owned subsidiaries, turnkey operations, and management contracts are all various methods of international business entry and operation strategies. These methods enable businesses to enter foreign markets and participate in international trade. These strategies are often influenced by or directly related to international trade agreements and policies set forth by multinational entities such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and can be impacted by various forms of regional trading agreements.
Trade deals like the USCMA/NAFTA, the EU, and TPP are examples of both bilateral and regional agreements that can affect how companies engage in overseas business. Trade deals are negotiated to facilitate easier exchange of goods and services, promote investment, and manage issues related to agriculture, intellectual property, competition, environment, and dispute settlement among countries. The WTO works globally to establish rules of trade and resolve disputes.
It is important to understand that these business strategies and trade deals have implications for areas such as finance and various sectors including agriculture and services. Companies may choose their strategy based on the rules and advantages presented by different trade agreements and the market conditions of the countries they are interested in entering.