Final answer:
When using a parenthetical citation and a direct quotation, the quotation marks should be placed c) before and after the parenthetical citation.
Step-by-step explanation:
When using a parenthetical citation and a direct quotation, the quotation marks should be placed before and after the parenthetical citation. This indicates that the quoted material is distinct from your own words and ideas.
For example, if you were quoting from a book, the quotation would look like this: "Many students," Smith says, "leave insufficient time for writing assignments" (Flynn).