Final answer:
In the context of decision-making as described in the text, 'action orientation' is not one of the three steps; the three steps are intelligence, design, and choice.
Step-by-step explanation:
The option that is NOT one of the three steps in decision-making as described in the text is a. action orientation. According to the decision-making model commonly referred to in business and management studies, the three steps are intelligence, design, and choice. The intelligence phase involves gathering information, the design phase focuses on developing potential solutions, and the choice phase entails selecting the most appropriate course of action.
Let's look at the other questions as examples to further clarify:
- Bureaucratic oversight is not a foreign policy type.
- An election is not a tool parties use to guarantee the status quo.
- A leading question is not part of a scientific poll design.
- Creative is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences.
- Courtship is not a manifest function of education.
- Transformation is not one of the four pillars of food security.
- Coercion to join is not a characteristic of bureaucracies.
- In making decisions, humans often consider the interests of themselves and others.