Final answer:
None of the listed options (carbon dioxide, water, noise, or air pollution) are by-products of pollution controls; they are forms of pollution that controls aim to mitigate. Surface water pollution mainly comes from runoff and industrial discharge, while groundwater pollution is often due to landfills and septic systems. Pollution-control policies are classified as command-and-control or market incentive-based approaches.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the context of social responsibility and environmental management, a by-product of pollution controls can be considered unexpected consequences that arise when attempting to reduce one type of environmental pollution. One such by-product could entail the generation of another form of pollution, such as noise pollution from the operation of pollution control equipment. However, when it comes to the specifics of the question, none of the options listed (carbon dioxide emissions, water pollution, noise pollution, air pollution) are by-products of pollution controls — they are forms of pollution that controls aim to reduce. Instead, by-products might include less immediate or less obvious forms of pollution such as the heat generated by an incinerator used to reduce solid waste pollution.
The two main sources of surface water pollution are often runoff from agricultural activities, which can carry fertilizers, pesticides, and sediments into water bodies, and industrial discharge, which can release a variety of harmful chemicals into rivers and lakes. Similarly, two main sources of groundwater pollution include leakage from landfills and septic systems, where contaminants can percolate down through the soil and into groundwater reserves.
Pollution-control policies can be classified as either command-and-control or market incentive based. Command-and-control regulations dictate specific limits on pollution levels and the types of technologies that must be used to reduce pollution. Conversely, market-based incentives use economic strategies such as taxes, permits, and subsidies to encourage companies to reduce environmental impact.