Final answer:
Erdem manages his employees through a careful monitoring of their production, comparing what they do to predicted schedules and desired budgets. Erdem can best be described as a production-oriented or job-centered leader. The correct options are 1,3.
Step-by-step explanation:
Erdem manages his employees through a careful monitoring of their production, comparing what they do to predicted schedules and desired budgets. Considering his management style, Erdem can best be described as a production-oriented or job-centered leader. This leadership style is characteristic of leaders who focus on supervision, organizational goals, and achieving these through a system of rewards and punishments.
It contrasts with transformational leadership, which is more about inspiring and intellectually stimulating employees, and democratic leadership, which involves group participation in decision-making processes. Hence the answers are 1, 3.