Final answer:
A system validation check is most likely responsible for detecting and rejecting a sales transaction record with an invalid customer account number.
Step-by-step explanation:
The error of a sales transaction record being rejected due to an invalid customer account number is most likely detected by a System validation check. System validation checks are programmed checks within a computer system that ensure data input meets specified conditions or rules. In this case, the system would check if the customer account number entered is listed in the customer master file before accepting the transaction record. If the customer account number is not found, the system would reject the record and notify the user of the error.