Final answer:
Stevens proposed four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scale, each offering increasing levels of detail about the data. None of the options provided (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) are excluded from Stevens' levels of measurement.
Step-by-step explanation:
The levels of measurement proposed by Stevens are critical for choosing the correct statistical procedures for analyzing data. The four levels of measurement are:
- Nominal scale
- Ordinal scale
- Interval scale
- Ratio scale
Each of these scales has distinct properties:
Nominal scale data are qualitative and involve categorizing data without any inherent order.
Ordinal scale data can be ordered but differences between data points cannot be quantified.
The Interval scale introduces a measurable difference between data points, but lacks a true zero point.
Finally, the Ratio scale adds a true zero point, allowing for the calculation of ratios.
Therefore, none of the options listed (Nominal scale, Ordinal scale, Interval scale, Ratio scale) are excluded from Stevens' levels of measurement. Each level provides different information and is applicable in different statistical contexts.