Final answer:
Autonomy refers to the capability of making independent decisions, which is a key component of individual development especially significant during childhood and adolescence phases. The growth of autonomy is seen as children express personal preferences and learn to establish independence, with adolescence being a particularly vital period for developing a sense of autonomy.
Step-by-step explanation:
Autonomy generally refers to the concept of someone being capable of making independent decisions or governing themselves. In the context of development, it is often associated with the growth processes through which individuals become increasingly independent, particularly during childhood and adolescence. For a student asking about the term 'autonomy,' it could mean a few things depending on the context, but one of the most relevant descriptions is likely to be 'growing up and becoming independent,' although 'discovery of self' and 'intrinsic motivation and self-esteem in children' are also closely related concepts. As children develop, their rising autonomy is reflected in various behaviors and milestones. Toddlers, for instance, begin showing preferences for food, toys, and clothing, and their main task is to establish independence, which Erikson frames as the 'autonomy versus shame and doubt' stage. As they reach adolescence, autonomy further evolves into a more refined form of independence, as they assert their individuality and learn to become responsible for their own lives. This process is influenced by their self-concept and sense of competence, both of which are foundational to their eventual adult independence. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that the main task of the adolescent is 'developing autonomy.' This aspect of growth involves forming an identity, becoming confident in one's abilities, and contributing positively to society. Similarly, Niemiec & Ryan (2009) discuss autonomy in the classroom by applying self-determination theory to educational practice, highlighting how fostering independence in learning can lead to improved educational outcomes.