Final answer:
The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a committee that ensures research involving human participants is conducted ethically and legally, protecting participants through risk assessment, informed consent, and maintaining confidentiality.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Institutional Review Board (IRB) serves the critical function of overseeing research involving human participants. Its primary purpose is to ensure ethical standards are upheld in the design and execution of research studies. An IRB assesses research proposals with human participants to minimize risks and ensure informed consent, reviewing the risks, potential benefits, and the process for obtaining and documenting consent. They also maintain the privacy and confidentiality of participants' data.
IRBs are typically composed of administrators, scientists, and community members who work collectively to protect human participants. This review process is not only a matter of ethics but also complies with legal requirements, such as those set forth by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services for the protection of participants. In cases involving sensitive research areas, such as studies conducted in marginalized communities or those that may affect indigenous cultures, IRBs play an even more vital role in ensuring the respect and safety of those involved.