Final answer:
After the Tokugawa Peace, many samurai transitioned into roles as government officials and professionals, and the daimyo assumed roles as rulers within the new prefectural system during the Meiji Restoration.
Step-by-step explanation:
After the Tokugawa Peace, the societal roles of daimyo and samurai underwent significant changes. With the modernization efforts and the abolishment of the feudal system during the Meiji Restoration, many samurai became government officials and professionals, though some of them also invested in private businesses such as textile production and other industries. The daimyo were often allowed to remain as rulers in the new prefecture system, albeit with greatly diminished powers and financial changes like receiving government bonds in place of their traditional land revenues.
The samurai, no longer a warrior class with special privileges, had to adapt to the modernizing Japan. They could no longer wear their swords openly, and sought employment in various professional fields, including the growing government bureaucracy created by the new Meiji government. Over time, the former warrior elite contributed their managerial skills to different sectors of the rapidly industrializing Japanese economy.
Therefore, the final answer to the question of what daimyo and samurai became after the Tokugawa Peace is D) Government officials.