Final answer:
The term that best represents a refusal to enforce law and sanctions against children is 'amnesty'. 'Nullification' refers to a state's right to invalidate federal laws, 'veto' is the power to stop legislation, and 'pardon' is forgiveness for an offense.
Step-by-step explanation:
The refusal to enforce the law and sanctions against children can be best described by the term amnesty, which is a pardon extended by the government to a group or class of individuals. The concept of nullification refers to a state's asserted right to invalidate any federal law that the state has deemed unconstitutional, as seen in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. A veto is the power to unilaterally stop an official action, especially the enactment of legislation, which was a power held by Roman consuls. Lastly, a pardon is a government decision to allow a person to be forgiven for an offense.
Regarding historical contexts, the Compromise of 1850 included the admission of California as a free state and a ban on the slave trade in Washington, DC, but it did not include the admission of Kansas as a free state (option B). The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions spoke to the idea of nullification (option D) of federal laws by states.
The refusal to enforce the law and sanctions against children is known as amnesty. Amnesty is the forgiveness or pardon for a group of people who have committed a specific crime or violated a particular law. It involves granting them immunity from prosecution or punishment. In this context, granting a general amnesty to the children fleeing violence and extreme poverty would mean not enforcing the existing laws or imposing sanctions on them, and instead offering them protection and support.