Final answer:
The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall did not define interstate commerce regulation but established judicial review, strengthened the enumerated powers of Congress, and addressed state taxation of federal institutions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Under the leadership of Chief Justice John Marshall, the United States Supreme Court did not define interstate commerce regulation as one of the relative powers of the federal and state governments. Instead, Marshall's Court focused on aspects such as judicial review, the supremacy clause, and the enumerated powers of Congress while also addressing issues concerning state taxation of federal institutions.
Through cases like Marbury v. Madison, the power of judicial review was established, enabling federal courts to rule state or federal laws unconstitutional if they violate the U.S. Constitution. The Court also affirmed that states could not tax federal institutions, citing the supremacy clause to establish the principle of national supremacy. This prevents states from interfering with the lawful activities of the national government. These decisions have significantly shaped the balance of power between the federal government and the states, influencing the dual sovereignty that characterizes U.S. federalism today.