Final answer:
Restorative justice practices focus on repair and reconciliation, deterrence-based approaches aim to prevent crime through raising costs and penalties, and zero-tolerance policies involve strict enforcement with no tolerance for offenses.
Step-by-step explanation:
Restorative justice practices focus on repairing the injuries caused by crime and reconciling all parties involved. This approach brings together offenders, victims, and communities to determine how the offender can make amends for their actions. It is cost-effective and leads to higher victim satisfaction. An example of a restorative justice program is restorative justice conferencing, where face-to-face meetings between offenders and victims are held to address the harm done and find a resolution.
Deterrence-based approaches aim to prevent crimes by raising the costs and penalties associated with criminal behavior. Incarceration is one form of deterrence, as it removes individuals from the community and aims to prevent them from committing future crimes. However, research has shown that for certain populations, such as juveniles, incarceration can be ineffective and even increase the likelihood of recidivism. Alternative approaches like diversion programs and community service have been found to be more effective deterrents for juveniles.
Zero-tolerance policies involve strict enforcement of laws and regulations, with no tolerance for even minor offenses. While these policies may send a strong message about the consequences of breaking the law, there is debate about their effectiveness. Critics argue that zero-tolerance policies can lead to disproportionate punishment, especially for marginalized communities, and may not address the underlying issues that contribute to crime.