Final answer:
The local populations conquered by the Mongols were often displaced, resettled, and underwent religious conversions. They faced severe economic challenges but also periods of cultural prosperity. Over time, Mongol dominance waned due to succession struggles.
Step-by-step explanation:
After being conquered by the Mongols, an area's population experienced widespread displacement, enforced resettlement, conversions to different religions, and economic difficulties. The Mongol invasion led by Chinggis Khan in the 1220s initiated a prolonged period of upheaval in regions such as Khurasan and North India. The Delhi Sultanate, although successfully repelling a major Mongol invasion, saw a series of later invasions that contributed to displacement and resettlement within the subcontinent's interior.
In the aftermath of Mongol conquests, there were significant population movements. Many people were forced to flee due to the threat of execution, with some finding refuge in Southeast Asia, Nepal, or Tibet, where Buddhism took stronger root. Meanwhile, in regions like North India, the Islamic expansion facilitated by the Sultanate resulted in the conversion of many Hindus to Islam, transforming the religious demographics.
The Mongols also indirectly influenced economics and culture. During and after Hulagu's conquest, economic recovery was slow due to chronic labor shortages from widespread casualties and emigration. However, some prosperity and cultural flourishing emerged later, notably during Ghazan's reign, centered around modern-day Iran. Yet, succession struggles eventually precipitated the decline of Mongol power.