Final answer:
An example of a downward ingratiation technique used by leaders is seeking approval from subordinates. This ingratiating behavior strengthens leader likability while also promoting group cohesion and loyalty within flat organizational structures. The correct answer is option d).
Step-by-step explanation:
When leaders use ingratiation as a technique to get their subordinates to like them, this is known as directed downward ingratiating behavior. An example of a downward ingratiation technique is d) Seeking approval from subordinates. This approach often involves leaders engaging in behaviors aimed at boosting their likability or appearance of sociability amongst those who report to them. Despite many organizations moving towards flat organizational structures where feedback and interaction among all levels are encouraged, the use of ingratiating techniques can still be a part of strategies to maintain a positive interpersonal climate and ensure group cohesion. Leaders may also incentivize followers by promoting expressive values such as solidarity and loyalty to increase odds of faithful followership and reduce the likelihood of defection.