Final answer:
Observational research aims to understand behavior in uncontrollable natural settings, while experimental research establishes cause-and-effect relationships in a controlled environment. Survey research collects large-scale data on opinions and attitudes, and case studies provide in-depth analysis of specific individual cases.
Step-by-step explanation:
To match research techniques typically used in developmental psychology to their processes and goals, the following explanations may be provided:
- Observational Research - This method involves studying infants and children by watching their behavior in natural settings without interference. The goal is to understand real-life behavior.
- Experimental Research - This process establishes cause-and-effect relationships through controlled manipulation of variables. The primary goal is to determine how one factor directly influences another.
- Survey Research - Through questionnaires or interviews, this technique aims to gather opinions, attitudes, and self-reported data from a larger sample, allowing for insights into trends and patterns in responses.
- Case Study - It refers to an in-depth examination of an individual or small group, which provides detailed insights into complex issues that cannot be captured through other methods.
Each research technique offers different strengths and limitations, and is selected based on the questions that the developmental psychologist seeks to answer.