Final answer:
Charlemagne, the king of the Franks, established the concept of the Holy Roman Empire and ruled with authority for over 40 years. Louis XIV, also known as the Sun King, centralized power in France and strengthened the monarchy.
Step-by-step explanation:
Louis XIV of France (1643–1715): Known as the "Sun King," Louis XIV was one of the longest-reigning monarchs in European history. His reign is often associated with the absolute monarchy, and he played a central role in the cultural, political, and military affairs of France.
Peter the Great of Russia (1682–1725): Peter I, known as Peter the Great, is credited with modernizing Russia and transforming it into a major European power. He implemented a range of reforms, including military, administrative, and cultural changes, and he established the new capital, St. Petersburg.
Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740–1786): Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great, was a highly successful military commander and ruler of Prussia. He expanded Prussian territory and implemented reforms that strengthened the state and its institutions.
Catherine the Great of Russia (1762–1796): Catherine II, known as Catherine the Great, was another prominent Russian monarch. Her reign is characterized by territorial expansion, cultural flourishing, and engagement with the Enlightenment. She extended Russian influence in Eastern Europe.