Final answer:
The answer is (D) All of the above. Brown v. Board of Education, Reynolds v. Sims, and Loving v. Virginia were significant legal cases that collectively forced Virginia to adopt a new constitution by challenging and ultimately invalidating various sections of the previous constitution related to segregation and inequalities.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to which laws or legal cases forced Virginia to adopt a new constitution in 1971 by invalidating sections of the 1902 constitution is (D) All of the above. These cases had profound effects on the legal landscape of America and particularly on the state of Virginia.Brown v. Board of Education was a critical ruling in 1954 which declared that state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students were unconstitutional.
This set the stage for desegregation and directly impacted Virginia's educational system. Meanwhile, Reynolds v. Sims, decided in 1964, established the principle of 'one person, one vote' and addressed the inequalities in representation, leading to changes in Virginia's electoral districting. Lastly, Loving v. Virginia, in 1967, invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage—a significant step towards ending all forms of state-legislated racial discrimination.