Final answer:
When body temperatures drop, arterioles constrict to reduce heat loss, shivering occurs to generate heat, and in severe cases, reduced oxygen delivery can lead to confusion or unconsciousness. Prolonged exposure to cold can result in frostbite and if core body temperature drops significantly, hypothermia may occur.
Step-by-step explanation:
Body Responses to Cold Temperatures
When body temperatures drop, there are several physiological changes that occur to conserve heat. Initially, the arterioles constrict, reducing blood flow to the extremities like the digits and nose, preventing passive heat loss and protecting internal organs. This can cause the skin to appear whiter due to reduced circulation. If the environment is extremely cold, this defense may lead to frostbite, where the skin can freeze, leading to potential tissue damage. Additionally, the body generates heat through shivering, which is the contraction of skeletal muscles. If cold exposure continues and the body's energy reserves are depleted, red blood cells become less efficient at oxygen delivery, leading to confusion, lethargy, and in severe cases, unconsciousness and death.
Our bodies have an internal thermostat that functions similarly to a home heating system. When too cold, various responses beyond arteriole constriction include muscle shivering and increased breakdown of stored energy for heat production. However, when these responses are insufficient, and the core temperature continues to fall, life-threatening conditions such as hypothermia can occur.