Final answer:
Formal positive sanctions are official actions taken to reward desirable behavior, such as promotions, fines, and scholarships, and are systematically applied by authorized entities.
Step-by-step explanation:
Formal sanctions are official actions taken to enforce social norms and values. Examples of formal positive sanctions include rewards such as promotions, fines, and scholarships, which correspond to the option c) Promotions, fines, and scholarships. These sanctions are systematically applied by authorized institutions or organizations to recognize and encourage desired behavior or to punish and deter undesired behavior. Unlike informal sanctions, which arise through social interactions and can be positive (like smiles or pats on the back for good behavior) or negative (such as disapproving looks for wearing flip-flops to an opera), formal sanctions are institutional responses that help maintain social order.