Final answer:
The primitive and instinctual needs for survival according to the reading are the basic physiological needs, which include essentials such as food, water, and shelter.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to the reading, which of the following needs are considered to be primitive and instinctual needs for survival? The answer is c) Basic physiological needs. These encompass fundamental requirements for sustenance such as food, water, and shelter. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, basic physiological needs form the base of the pyramid and are essential for survival. These needs are followed by safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and eventually self-actualization at the peak of the pyramid, which is the desire to achieve one's full potential. It's important to understand that before one can attend to higher-level needs, the most primitive and instinctual needs for survival must be met.