Final answer:
The prefrontal cortex is the area of the brain that is most closely associated with problem solving and behavioral flexibility.
Step-by-step explanation:
The prefrontal cortex (option B) is the area of the brain that is most closely associated with problem solving and behavioral flexibility. It is responsible for executive functions such as judgment, reasoning, and impulse control. For example, when faced with a complex math problem, the prefrontal cortex helps us break down the problem, consider different strategies, and make a decision on how to solve it. It also allows us to adapt and modify our behavior based on feedback and changing circumstances. The amygdala (option A) is involved in emotional processing, the hippocampus (option C) is important for memory formation, and the medulla oblongata (option D) is responsible for vital functions such as breathing and heart rate regulation.