Final answer:
The dominant theories of gender as a binary concept dictated by nature are rooted in anthropology and sociology.
Step-by-step explanation:
The dominant theories of gender that suggest gender is a binary concept dictated by nature are most closely associated with the disciplines of anthropology and sociology. Anthropologists have examined the cultural constructions of gender roles, sexual practices, and the diversity in human systems of gender and expressions of sexuality across different cultures. Sociologists also investigate why and how gender assumptions and disparities manifest in various social interactions and institutions, using different theoretical perspectives such as functionalism and symbolic interactionism to frame their research.
Anthropologists study the origins of gender and the biological evidence for gender differences, acknowledging the great diversity in human gender systems and the fluidity of gender identities. They challenge the gender binary by documenting and analyzing cases of intersex individuals and those who transcend traditional gender categories, revealing that gender is not merely a natural expression of biological sex.
Sociologists employ numerous theoretical frameworks to understand gender dynamics, particularly examining why certain gender disparities persist in areas such as education and political representation. They use these theories to question and interpret data, engaging in a critical analysis of societal norms, roles, and power structures.