Final answer:
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach is the composer most closely associated with the empfindsamer Stil, known for his expressive and nuanced music which influenced the Romantic era.
Step-by-step explanation:
The composer most closely associated with the empfindsamer Stil, also known as the 'sensitive style', is e. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. Empfindsamer Stil was characterized by a focus on emotional expression and nuance rather than the formal constraints of the music of the time. Although Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach was a contemporary of the Classical era and the son of the famous Johann Sebastian Bach, his music anticipated some aspects of the Romantic era through its expressiveness and the use of dynamic contrasts. Reflecting the move towards personal expressiveness in music, his compositional style was influential in the development of the subsequent Romantic era.