Final answer:
The book "Understanding and Managing Public Organizations" by Schein does not include "Ethics and principles" as a separate layer of organizational culture. Instead, organizational culture consists of three layers: observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions, which collectively influence how an organization operates and makes decisions.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the book "Understanding and Managing Public Organizations," Schein (1992) described that organizational culture exists on various levels. However, the levels of organizational culture Schein listed do not include Ethics and principles as a separate layer. Instead, according to Ostroff, Kinicki, and Tamkins (2003), the three layers of organizational culture include:
- Observable artifacts, such as symbols and practices that represent underlying cultural assumptions.
- Espoused values, which are the beliefs endorsed by the organization.
- Basic assumptions, which are generally unobservable and unquestioned.
These elements are essential in guiding how an organization operates and makes decisions, and they may be influenced by the industry in which the organization functions. Societies comprise various cultures, including subcultures and countercultures, that evolve and change through invention, discovery, and technological advancement, affecting organizational cultures too.