Final answer:
The major characteristics of a bureaucracy according to Max Weber are a hierarchical structure, clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality. These features are intended to promote efficiency and rationality but may also lead to rigid systems that could constrain individual freedom and creativity.
Step-by-step explanation:
Max Weber, a pioneer sociologist, characterized bureaucracy as an ideal type of formal organization with specific features. According to Weber, the major characteristics of a bureaucracy include:
- A hierarchical structure of authority
- A clear division of labor
- Explicit rules governing the conduct
- Impersonality in its operations
These characteristics are designed to ensure efficiency, predictability, and rationality within the organization. Weber's model of bureaucracy emphasized the importance of a merit-based system, where appointments and promotions are made based on ability and performance rather than personal relationships or political affiliations.
Weber also feared that bureaucracies could become an "iron cage," constricting individual creativity and freedom by enforcing strict rules and norms. Notwithstanding, he viewed the bureaucracy as a necessary and positive development for handling the complex tasks of modern societies.