Final answer:
Sickle-cell disease has systemic manifestations that affect different areas of the body, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, central nervous, and gastrointestinal systems.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sickle-cell disease can have systemic manifestations that affect different areas of the body. The crescent-shaped red blood cells can block capillaries and interrupt blood flow, leading to various complications. Here are the common systemic manifestations and the areas of the body they affect:
- Cardiovascular system: The blockage of blood vessels can cause decreased blood flow and oxygen supply, leading to cardiovascular issues.
- Respiratory system: The obstructed blood flow can affect the lungs, causing breathing difficulties and respiratory problems.
- Central nervous system: The blockage of blood vessels in the brain can lead to strokes and other neurological complications.
- Gastrointestinal system: The interruption of blood flow in the digestive system can cause abdominal pain and other gastrointestinal issues.