Final answer:
Memorization is not recommended to reduce communication apprehension; instead, strategies like positive self-talk, perspective change, positive visualization, and relaxation techniques like meditation and biofeedback are more effective.
Step-by-step explanation:
To reduce the effects of communication apprehension, memorization is not a recommended strategy. Memorizing a speech can lead to increased stress if one forgets a part of the speech during delivery. Instead, other strategies like positive self-talk, changing your perspective, and positive visualization are advised. Positive self-talk involves reinforcing confidence and calming nerves with affirming messages. Changing one's perspective about speaking can reduce anxiety by viewing it as a conversation rather than a performance. Positive visualization encourages individuals to imagine a successful speaking experience, thus building confidence.
When anticipating a public speech, the sympathetic nervous system can be stimulated by the stress associated with the event. To minimize this reaction, relaxation techniques such as meditation, mindful awareness, and biofeedback can be helpful. Stress reduction techniques like exercise, relaxation practices shown in Figure 14.24, and cognitive alignment of thoughts and attitudes are also beneficial for managing stress and reducing cognitive dissonance.
In contrast, techniques like hypnosis, which are most effective in individuals open to the power of suggestion, and peripheral route persuasion tactics outlined in question 12—featuring cues like celebrity endorsement, positive emotions, and attractive models—do not directly address communication apprehension in the way that confidence-boosting strategies do.