Final answer:
Civilization refers to advanced societies with urban development, social complexity, governmental organization, and cultural achievements. The spread of civilization involves the interplay of trade and cultural exchange, with historical examples demonstrating both destructive and beneficial impacts. Modern definitions aim to neutralize the ethnocentric biases of earlier anthropologists who distinguished between 'civilized' and 'savage' societies.
Step-by-step explanation:
What is Civilization?
The term civilization refers to a complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, a form of government, and symbolic systems of communication such as writing. Derived from the Latin civilis, relating to a citizen, the English word civilization encapsulates a wide range of meanings, including a culture exhibiting degrees of learning, refinement, and political identity. Civilization is associated with foundational technologies like agriculture, increased social specialization, technological advancement, and cultural aspects - such as art, education, and spirituality. It also signifies a large grouping of people in cities, with a society containing enough individuals to breach the boundaries of extended family connections, leading to various other developments like organized religion and mathematics. The historical view of civilization as a sign of cultural superiority over 'barbaric' or 'uncivilized' societies is now considered ethnocentric, and modern definitions strive to be more neutral.
Civilization's Spread and Impact
Historically, civilizations have spread through the exchange of goods, ideas, technology, and culture. The exchange's consequences can be both unsettling and liberating, allowing societies to develop new ways of life and escape cultural limitations. A notable example is the impact of the Arabs in the ninth century who brought advancements to al-Andalus (Spain) in the fields of agriculture, arts, hygiene, and scholarship. Similarly, the European expansion brought about cultural devastation but also undeniable benefits through global trade and political influence.
Aspects and Contributions of Civilizations
The Enlightenment period highlighted the distinction between civilization and savagery, with civilized societies yielding the first fruits of the Industrial Revolution, market development, and social progress. These societies, based on anthropocentrism, rationalism, and scientism, were primarily located in Western Europe and spread globally through colonization and industrialization. Conversely, traditional societies reliant on religion and kinship for governance were labeled as savage. Civilization thus embodies opportunities and challenges for its members, shaping the world we live in.