Final answer:
Camouflage and mimicry are the adaptations that can increase an organism's fitness by enhancing survival and reproductive opportunities, while spandrels and biogeography do not directly affect individual fitness.
Step-by-step explanation:
Adaptations Increasing the Fitness of Organisms Among the listed options, camouflage and mimicry are adaptations that can increase the fitness of an organism. Both of these strategies enable animals to avoid predators and increase their chances of survival and, consequently, reproduction. Camouflage allows an organism to blend into its environment, making it harder for predators to detect. Mimicry involves one species evolving to resemble another, which often provides protection, such as a non-poisonous species mimicking the appearance of a poisonous one to deter predators. Spandrels, a term borrowed from architecture, do not increase the fitness of an organism in an evolutionary context as it refers to byproducts of evolution that are non-adaptive. Biogeography, the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time, does not directly relate to an individual organism's fitness but rather explains patterns of species distribution.