Final answer:
In absolute dating, parent atoms are unstable isotopes that decay into stable daughter isotopes, allowing geologists to determine the age of rocks. The correct choice is d. Stable isotopes resulting from radioactive decay.' This technique is valuable for dating igneous, metamorphic, and, indirectly, sedimentary rocks.
Step-by-step explanation:
In absolute dating, parent atoms refer to the unstable isotopes in a rock or mineral that undergo radioactive decay to become stable daughter isotopes. Radiometric dating leveraging these parent-daughter transformations allows geologists to estimate the age of a specimen. Specifically, the correct answer to the question is d. Stable isotopes resulting from radioactive decay.
The process involves measuring the ratio of parent to daughter isotopes and using known decay rates to calculate how long the decay process has been taking place, thereby determining the age of the rock formation. Geologists make some assumptions for radiometric dating, like the initial absence of daughter atoms and the system being closed to external influences since formation. These assumptions are fundamental for accurate dating but can be adjusted for with additional methods if needed. This technique can provide insights into not only when igneous and metamorphic rocks formed but, in certain conditions, can also be insightful for dating sedimentary rocks indirectly.