Final answer:
Mary is using the defense mechanism of rationalization to cope with her failing history test, blaming the teacher and subjects not covered in class, rather than accepting personal responsibility. Recognizing and addressing these defense mechanisms is important for personal growth and academic success.
Step-by-step explanation:
The situation described where Mary blames her failing history test on the teacher asking questions on subjects not covered in class is an example of a defense mechanism. This specific defense mechanism is rationalization, which is the attempt to logically justify one's actions or feelings that are socially unacceptable, or in this case, justify personal failure. Mary is creating a seemingly reasonable excuse or explanation for the uncomfortable reality of failing a test, thereby protecting herself from confronting her own responsibility in the situation.
Defense mechanisms such as these are common among students and can be witnessed in various academic settings. For example, a student might blame their poor performance in studying on external factors such as a noisy environment rather than acknowledging their lack of effort. These mechanisms serve to shield individuals from feelings of guilt, inadequacy, or failure.
It is vital for students to develop self-awareness regarding their use of defense mechanisms so that they can address underlying issues and work towards more constructive coping strategies, such as seeking additional help, organizing study groups, or directly communicating with their teachers about the content of lessons and exams.