Final answer:
Later-born children who take chances rather than following rules might be expected to be creative, due to the socialization practices of wealthy parents who encourage creativity and problem-solving skills, contrasting with the obedience and conformity emphasized by working-class parents.
Step-by-step explanation:
If later-born children take chances rather than following rules, you might expect them to be creative. This expectation is based on various research findings that suggest upbringing and socialization tactics differ significantly across socioeconomic backgrounds. For instance, according to studies such as those conducted by the National Opinion Research Center and sociologist Annette Lareau, wealthy parents emphasize judgment and creativity when socializing their children. This is in contrast with working-class parents who may emphasize obedience and conformity due to their job requirements that often involve repetitive tasks and following strict rules.
Children raised by permissive parents, who allow a high degree of freedom and self-direction, often exhibit higher self-esteem and better social skills. However, these children may also display a lack of self-discipline and poorer academic performance. Conversely, sociologist Kohn pointed out that children are socialized to take jobs and adopt behaviors beneficial to the types of roles their parents occupy.
Therefore, children from affluent backgrounds, whose parents promote problem-solving skills and encourage active questioning and negotiation, are more likely to be creative employees. These findings highlight the reproduction of the class system, as children tend to adopt the skills and careers of their parents. It also shows the impact of parenting styles on children's future behaviors, including risk-taking and creativity.