Final answer:
The question involves identifying the outlying term in chemical groupings. Keratin, being a protein, does not belong with elements such as nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Knowing the properties of chemical families helps categorize elements correctly, for instance, krypton is a noble gas and lithium is an alkali metal.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question given relates to the identification of chemical elements and groups, and their properties such as polarity. The term that does not belong in the first grouping (a) Keratin b) Nitrogen c) Carbon d) Oxygen) is keratin, because keratin is a protein, while the others are chemical elements. In the second reference, the non-polar functional group is the hydrophobic group which can be exemplified by hydrocarbons (not listed in the given options). For the task of circling the correct term within lists that contain both elements and compounds, one must identify the unique category to which the majority of the items belong and single out the one that differs.
For example, in the list (c) nitrogen (d) sulfur (e) air (f) sucrose (g) a substance composed of molecules each of which contains two iodine atoms (h) gasoline), 'air' does not belong since it is a mixture of gases rather than a pure substance or a chemical compound.
The correct group name for krypton would be noble gas, for selenium it would be chalcogen, for barium, it is alkaline earth metal, and for lithium, it is an alkali metal