Final answer:
The major contribution of Islamic culture to Western Europe was new discoveries in mathematics and geography, such as the development of Arabic numerals, algebra, trigonometry, and advancements in navigational technology.
Step-by-step explanation:
The major contribution of Islamic culture to Western Europe was (3) new discoveries in mathematics and geography. During the European Middle Ages, the Islamic world was at the forefront of scientific and mathematical knowledge. The creation of Arabic numerals, which were much simpler to use than Roman numerals, and the development of algebra and trigonometry are standout contributions that had a lasting impact on Western Europe. Furthermore, advancements in geography, evidenced by accurate maps and the adoption of the astrolabe for navigation, greatly facilitated exploration. These innovations reached Europe through trade and the translation movements in places like Toledo, which would later seed the European Renaissance.
While Islamic societies were also responsible for advancements in other areas such as banking and agriculture, it was in the fields of mathematics and science where their influence was most profound. The works of Muslim scholars were essential in preserving and expanding upon the knowledge of the ancient Greeks, which had been lost to Europe during its 'Dark Ages.' Ultimately, the contributions of Islamic scholars helped to kindle the flames of the European Renaissance, leading to the Age of Exploration and the scientific developments that gave rise to the modern world.