Final answer:
Macromolecules include carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides), proteins (amino acids), nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), and lipids (saturated and unsaturated). Each category has unique properties and structures, such as the glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates and the peptide bonds in proteins.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question relates to the categorization of macromolecules and their fundamental units in biological systems. For instance, carbohydrates, a type of macromolecule, can be divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. A monosaccharide is the simplest form of carbohydrates, examples being glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), fructose, and galactose, known as hexose monosaccharides due to their six carbons. When two monosaccharides join via a glycosidic bond, they form a disaccharide such as sucrose, lactose, or maltose. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds and include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
For proteins, the basic unit is an amino acid (CHON), which combines to form complex proteins. When it comes to genetic material, DNA and RNA (CHONP) are composed of nucleotides that include a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Lipids, another class of macromolecules, include saturated and unsaturated lipids. Saturated lipids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated lipids have one or more double bonds. Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids, such as cholesterol, fall under the category of lipids.