Final answer:
The Scientific Revolution was a transformative period in the history of science where scientists challenged traditional beliefs. Scientists who went against the Church's beliefs were considered heretics and faced persecution. Copernicus introduced heliocentric cosmology, and Kepler expanded on his work with laws of planetary motion.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Scientific Revolution was a transformative period in the history of science that took place from the 16th to the 18th century. During this time, scientists began to challenge traditional beliefs and develop new theories and methods based on observation and experimentation. Some scientists were looked down upon by the Church or other people who believed in the Church because their ideas went against the established religious beliefs of the time. The Church held significant influence during this period and saw these new scientific ideas as a threat to their authority and the established order. If a scientist spread their ideas against the church, they would be called a heretic. Heresy refers to a belief or opinion that contradicts or denies established religious doctrine. The church perceived heretics as dangerous and often took action to suppress their ideas, including persecution, censorship, and punishment. Copernicus is known for introducing the heliocentric cosmology to Renaissance Europe in his book De Revolutionibus. He challenged the long-standing belief that the Earth was the centre of the universe and proposed that the planets revolve around the Sun. Copernicus is best known for his heliocentric model, which dethroned Earth from its central position and placed the Sun at the centre of the solar system. This model revolutionized our understanding of astronomy and laid the foundation for future scientific discoveries. Kepler expanded on Copernicus' work by formulating laws of planetary motion based on detailed observations and mathematical calculations. He determined that the planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun, rather than perfect circles as proposed by Copernicus.