Final answer:
John Locke's social contract theory stated that governments should protect people's rights and that their power comes from the consent of the governed. His ideas have had a lasting impact on the principles of democracy and representative government.
Step-by-step explanation:
The philosopher whose social contract theory included the idea that governments derive their power from the consent of the governed is John Locke. Unlike Thomas Hobbes, who emphasized the necessity of an absolute sovereign, Locke's social contract called for a government to protect the rights and property of individuals. John Locke emphasized individual rights, stating that people have a right to "Life, Liberty, and Property," and believed that people should have the power to consent to the authority of their government. His ideas about government being a representative of the people's will have significantly influenced democratic thinking and the foundational documents of many modern states.