Question

Classical theory is one of the earliest criminological theories, and argues that people choose to commit a crime out of their free will. Later criminological theories suggest that environmental factors also influence criminal behavior. Think about the implications of this shift. Discuss how we can punish offenders if external factors, which are beyond an individual's control, are responsible for the crimes committed. If free will is not a valid causal factor, how should our society respond to crime?

A. Society should focus on rehabilitation and addressing environmental factors to prevent crime.
B. Society should implement stricter punishments to deter potential offenders.
C. Society should abolish the criminal justice system entirely.
D. Society should ignore the shift in criminological theories and continue punishing offenders based on individual responsibility.

Answer 1

The implications of the shift from viewing crime as a product of free will to recognizing the influence of environmental factors suggest a move towards rehabilitation and addressing root causes. This includes a focus on social programs and community support aimed at preventing crime.

Step-by-step explanation:

The shift from classical criminology, which emphasized free will as a primary cause of criminal behavior, to modern criminological theories that consider environmental factors as influential, has significant implications for the criminal justice system. If we accept that external factors play a substantial role in criminal behavior, our response to crime may shift towards option A: focusing on rehabilitation and addressing the underlying environmental factors to prevent future crimes. This perspective aligns with the principles of the Social Disorganization Theory and Control Theory, which illustrate the impact of socioeconomic conditions and the strength of social bonds on an individual's inclination towards criminal activity.

Considering the findings of Robert Sampson and Byron Groves, as well as the implications of studies on the efficacy of preschool programs in disadvantaged communities, the societal response to crime might involve more investment in social services, education, and community-building initiatives. This proactive approach could be more effective and humane, as it aims to address the root causes of criminal behavior rather than solely focusing on punitive measures. Ultimately, the reform of the criminal justice system could embrace a more restorative approach that reduces crime while fostering stronger, healthier communities.