Final answer:
The agricultural settlements of Mesopotamia developed into urban centers, with cities like Uruk emerging as a result of the Agricultural Revolution and the surplus of food produced, leading to specialization of labor and complex societies.
Step-by-step explanation:
The agricultural settlements of Mesopotamia eventually became urban centers. With the advent of the Agricultural Revolution around 3000 B.C.E., these settlements began to grow in size due to the surplus of food produced by advanced farming techniques. This surplus allowed for the specialization of labor and the birth of cities like Uruk in Sumer, which is considered one of the first true cities in world history.
Early urbanization was closely tied to the ability to produce excess food, which facilitated the growth of large, organized communities. These communities later became political entities and regional empires, setting the stage for modern civilization. The development of permanent tools for farming and irrigation supported this urban transformation, while the invention of cuneiform writing and establishment of centralized governments allowed for the management of complex urban economies.